By Kathryn Maureen Ryan
Impunity Watch Reporter, Managing Editor

WASHINGTON D.C., United States of America – Since last October, more than 52,000 Children, mostly from Central America, have been taken into U.S. custody in what has become the largest movement and detention of migrants into the United States since the Cuban Boat Lift. A Study published by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees found that 58 percent of the unaccompanied children entering into the United States are motivated by safety concerns, fearing violence their home countries.

Several Central America countries have been racked by cartel and gang violence, fueled by drug and human trafficking. According to the United States Customs and Border Protection, “Salvadoran and Honduran children … come from extremely violent regions where they probably perceive the risk of traveling alone to the U.S. preferable to remaining at home.” Violence is also hitting Guatemala where many children are fleeing poor areas for both safety and economic opportunity. Thousands of the children entering the United States are unaccompanied, often sent to the United States by their parents who have paid human traffickers  under false promises that there children would be reunited with family members already in the united States as soon as they arrive on U.S. soil.

The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops and other groups advocating for the rights of migrants are calling for the children to be treated as refugees who are fleeing armed conflict in the form of gang violence in their home countries.

United Nations officials are pushing for many of the Central Americans fleeing to the U.S. to be given refugees status; arguing that they have been displaced by armed conflict in their home countries. Designating these children as refugees would put greater pressure on both the United States and Mexico to accept tens of thousands of people fleeing Central America.  Officials with the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees say they hope to see movement toward a regional agreement on that refugee’s status for the migrants.

“They are leaving for some reason. Let’s not send them back in a mechanical way, but rather evaluate the reasons they left their country,” Fern1ando Protti, regional representative for the United Nations High Commission on Refugees said.

Today most people who have been granted refugee status are fleeing more traditional forms of political or ethnic persecution and conflict. If granted refugee status the Central America migrants would be among the first in the world to be considered refugees because they are fleeing gang violence and extortion.

When asked if the Obama Administration viewed the border crisis as a refugee crises White House spokesman Josh Earnest said it was “a humanitarian situation that requires urgent attention.” the said the Obama Administration wanted to ensure all child migrants were housed in “humane conditions” while authorities work to determine whether they should be allowed to remain in the United States. If not, he said, the Homeland Security secretary should be allowed “to exercise his discretion about repatriating” the migrants.

On Tuesday, the Obama administration announced it is seeking $3.7 billion from Congress to address the crisis and handle the influx of undocumented children crossing into the United States from Mexico. The funding would go to the Departments of Homeland Security, Justice and State and Health and Human Services. It would help fund detainment and proper care of undocumented child migrants, speed up their court cases, step up the prosecution of criminal networks involved in the crisis, and improve foreign cooperation to address the root causes of the migration.

For more information please see:

The Guardian – ‘Flee Or Die’: Violence Drives Central America’s Child Migrants to US Border – 9 July 2014

National Public Radio – What’s Causing the Latest Immigration Crisis? A Brief Explainer – 9 July 2014

CBS News – U.N. Pushes for Migrants Fleeing to U.S. to be Called Refugees – 8 July 2014

Al Jazeera – US Border Sees Influx of Child Migrants –17 June 2014

By Lyndsey Kelly
Desk Reporter, North America

WASHINGTON D.C., United States of America –  When Edward Snowden, a former NSA analyst and contractor for Booz Allen Hamilton leaked details of U.S. surveillance programs to The Guardian and The Washington Post in June of 2013, much of the country erupted with criticism towards the governments invasion of privacy.

By law, without a warrant based on probable cause from a special surveillance court, the U.S. National Security Agency is allowed to target only foreign nations located overseas. A story published by The Washington Post acknowledges, “’incidental collection’ of third-party communications is inevitable.”

The intercepted files offer an unprecedented vantage point on the changes produced by Section 702 of the FISA Amendments. These changes enable the NSA to use methods of collection that had previously required probable cause and a warrant from a judge.

When the NSA intercepted the online accounts of legally targeted foreigners over a four-year period, which spanned President Barack Obama’s first term, 2009 to 2012, it also collected the conversations of nine times as many ordinary Internet users, including American citizens and residents and non-Americans. Most of the individuals whom were included in the data sweep were those in an online chat room visited by a target or those merely reading the discussion.

The collected material included approximately 160,00 intercepted email conversations, and 7,900 documents taken from more than 11,000 accounts. Nearly half of the surveillance filed contained names, email addresses and other details that belonged to Americans. The Washington Post described the intercepted material as containing, “stories of love and heartbreak, illicit sexual liaisons, mental-health crises, political and religious conversations, financial anxieties and disappointed hopes.”

The majority of the communications intercepted by the NSA were not sent by targeted foreign threats, but provided valuable information. Some of the intercepted messages contained information regarding, “a secret overseas nuclear project, double dealing by an ostensible ally, a military calamity that befell an unfriendly power, and the identities of aggressive intruders into U.S. computer networks.”

The intercepted information proved to be valuable as it led to the direct capture in 2011 of a Pakistan-based bomb builder suspected in a 2002 terrorist bombing in Bali.

However, while a vast amount of information was of imminent importance to the NSA, much of the communications involved in the data sweep contained private photos of, “kids in bathtubs and kissing their mothers – and of women modeling lingerie or posing in skimpy bikini tops.”

The NSA treats all content even incidental collection from third parties as permissible to retain and search. This highlights a major policy dilemma, as the intercepted information has proven to contain considerable intelligence value helpful to the NSA but at the same time it creates collateral harm to the privacy of individuals.

The Obama administration has not yet been willing to address the scale of the harm to individual privacy produced by incidental collection.

For more information, please see:

CBS NEWS – Ordinary Americans Caught Up in NSA Data Sweep, Report Claims – 8 July 2014.

USA TODAY – Report: Most NSA Peeking Involved Ordinary Americans – 8 July 2014.

US NEWS – Report: NSA Surveillance Collects Data On Far More Ordinary Online Users Than Actual Targets – 8 July 2014.

WASHINGTON POST – In NSA- Intercepted Data, Those Not Targeted Far Outnumber The Foreigners Who Are – 8 July 2014.