Terrorist Attacks in Mumbai

By Shayne R. Burnham
Impunity Watch Reporter, Asia

MUMBAI, India – The terrorist attacks in Mumbai resulted in 188 people dead and at least 200 injured. The gunmen opened fire in several locations including a railway station, restaurant, hospital, a Jewish center, and two hotels, the Taj Mahal Palace and Oberoi-Trident.

India has made clear that it suspects that the attacks originated in Pakistan. India believes that the attack “was carried out by elements from Pakistan” and “the government expects that strong action would be taken against those elements.”

Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari told CNN’s Larry King that “Pakistan is in no way responsible.” “Even the White House and the American CIA have said that today. The state of Pakistan is, of course, not involved. We’re part of the victims.”

One of the captured gunmen is held in police custody. According to Indian officials, he is Pakistani and trained by Lashkare-Tayyiba, a terrorist group based in Pakistan that has aligned itself with al Qaeda. Lashkare-Tayyiba has denied any involvement.

Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee stated that the 10 attackers hijacked a trawler in Karachi and arrived in Mumbai by way of dinghies.

Mumbai’s police chief, Hasan Gafoor, said that a global positioning system (GPS) was recovered showing that the attackers originated in Pakistan.

India has demanded that Pakistan extradite 20 suspects who have taken refuge in Pakistan. Most of them are rebel leaders and many were connected to the 2001 attack on India’s Parliament and the 2006 attack on the Indian embassy in Afghanistan.

Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi stated that “this is not a time to point fingers” and proposes a common strategy between the two countries.

U.S. Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice said as she went to New Delhi, India, “Everyone should cooperate fully, and Pakistan in particular needs to cooperate fully and transparently.”

For more information, please see:

BBC News – India Makes Protest to Pakistan – 1 December 2008

CNN – Rice Heads to India to Ease Tensions – 2 December 2008

U.S. News & World Report – India Points Finger at Pakistan Over Mumbai Terrorist Attacks – 2 December 2008

Journalists in Sri Lanka Unfairly Detained

By Shayne R. Burnham
Impunity Watch Reporter, Asia

Sri Lanka – Human Rights Watch urged the Sri Lankan government to immediately drop charges and release Tamil journalist J.S. Tissainayagam, and two other detainees, Tamil publisher N. Jasiharan and his wife V. Valamathy last Sunday.

“The Sri Lankan government is shamefully using antiterrorism laws to silence peaceful critics in the media,” said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch.  “This is no way for a government that claims to be a right-respecting democracy to act.”

Tissainayagam contributed to the Sunday Times, writing weekly columns, most of them pertaining to Sri Lankan government, such as security issues.  He was also editor of the Outreach website.  In 2006, he edited an article in the North Eastern Monthly.  According to Free Media Movement, North Eastern Monthlywas known as a pro-Tamil publication that was not considered connected to the terrorist group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil-Eelam.

On March 7, Tissainayagam was arrested by Sri Lanka’s Terrorist Investigation Division.  Almost five months later, Tissainayagam was indicted by Colombo’s High Court on August 25 for violating Sri Lanka’s Emergency Regulations and the Prevention of Terrorism Act for inciting communal disharmony for printing and distributing the North Eastern Monthly magazine and aiding and abetting terrorist organizations through raising money for the magazine.

“We condemn J.S. Tissainayagam’s long detention and harsh charges for publishing a magazine, which should not constitute an offense,” said Bob Dietz, Committee to Protect Journalists Asia Program Coordinator.  “This is the latest step by the Sri Lankan government to intimidate journalists who write about security issues.”

Rajiva Wijesinha, Sri Lanka’s secretary of the Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights, denied that Tissainayagam was being detained merely for criticizing the government.  He said, “Some of their publications were designed to embarrass the Sri Lankan government through false accusations.”

For more information, please see:

Committee to Protect Journalists – Sri Lankan Journalist Indicted on Terrorist Charges – 25 August 2008

Human Rights Watch – Sri Lanka:  Free Journalists Unfairly Held – 2 December 2008

Tamil Insight – IFJ was Alarmed by the Transfer of Tissainayagam to Violent Magazine Prison -21 November 2008

Tunisian Trade Leader and Others to be Tried for Protests

By Nykoel Dinardo
Impunity Watch Reporter, Middle East

GAFSA, Tunisia – Tunisian trade leader, Annan Hajji, and 37 other activists are being tried before Tunisian courts for their involvement in protests in the Gafsa Region of Tunisia earlier this year.  Hajji is the Secretary-General of the local office of the General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT).  They have been charged with “forming a criminal group with the aim of destroying public and private property.”  If convicted, they could each face up to more than ten years in prison.  At least six of those convicted are being tried not in their presence. 

The Gafsa Region of Tunisia is a phosphate-rich area; protests sparked after the Gafsa Phosphate Company, the major employer in the city of Redeyef, announced the results of a recruitment competition.  The results were denounced as fraudulent by several people and organizations, including the UGTT.  Following this incident, protests were held about the high unemployment in the region and other labor related issues.  The protests spread to several neighboring cities and police forces were deployed to break up the groups.  Protesters and other groups have claimed that the protests were entirely peaceful but that police forces used violence to force dispersement.

 A video of the protests that was posted on YouTube.

Amnesty International and several other human rights organizations have criticized these trials.  According to Amnesty International (AI), there have been allegations of torture and the misuse of force by law enforcement officials that bring the events into question.  One of those arrested in the protests, Ms. Zakia Dhifaoui claims that she was sexually harassed and threatened with rape by police officials if she did not sign a statement whose contents she did not know.  Several other protesters say that they were detained for questions and released, then re-arrested. 

According to French media sources, the Tunisian government has ordered the local media not to cover the incidents.  According to Tunisian journalist Rachid Khéchana, “Tunisian authorities do not want the scandal to be known to the outside world; authorities believe that if information is dispersed that they will lose control of the situation.”  Those who have provided information to foreign media risk imprisonment.

AI has asked the Tunisian government to do an independent investigation into the allegations and protests. They also request that the government release the findings of an investigation into a death at one of the protests, which resulted from police gunfire into a crowd of protesters.

For more information, please see:

Amnesty International – Tunisian Trade Leader on Trial for Role in Protests – 4 December 2008

Le Monde – Les Leaders des Émeutes de Gafsa devant La Justice Tunisienne [The Leaders of the Riots of Gafsa Face Tunisian Justice] – 4 December 2008 [In French]

Nouvelorbs – Gafsa :  38 Syndicalistes Jugés Pour S’être Révoltés [Gafta :  38 Union Leaders Judged for Revolting] – 4 December 2008 [In French]

Rojo y Negro – Tunéz : La Dictatura al sur de Lampedusa [Tunisia :  The Dictatorship South of Lampedusa] – 14 November 2008 [In Spanish]

Frontline Defenders – Tunisia :  Arrest and Restricted Movement of Human Rights Defenders – 6 August 2008

Nuclear Test Victims of Marshall Islands Denied Compensation for Third Consecutive Year

By Sarah E. Treptow
Impunity Watch Reporter, Oceania

MAJURO, Marshall Islands – The Nuclear Claims Tribunal based in Majuro announced last week that it will not provide any compensation payments for a third year in a row.  The announcement comes despite the fact that it owes more than $2 billion in already approved awards to Marshall Islanders for personal injuries, land damage, and nuclear clean-ups.

The Tribunal was established in the 1980’s by a Compact of Free Association between the U.S. and the Marshall Islands with a mandate to adjudicate and compensate personal injury and other claims coming out of the 67 nuclear tests the U.S. performed at Bikini and Enewetak atolls.  After a multi-year process of hearings, land appraisals and expert testimony, the Tribunal awarded Enewtak, Bikini and Rongelap more than $2 billion in land damage and clean-up funding.  Only $3.9 million of the land damage claims have been paid for lack of funds.

The fund that was once at $150 million is now down to a quarter of a million dollars which Tribunal Chairman Gregory Danz reports is barely enough to keep the Tribunal operational for a few more months.  Danz added that maintaining operations into the future is crucial to meet the needs of people who develop cancers from exposure to U.S. nuclear tests in the coming years.  The U.S. National Cancer Institute study from 2004 estimated that 531 cancers would result among Marshall Islanders exposed to fallout from the nuclear testing program and it said that over half of these cancers were not yet developed in the population.

President Tomeing has started to pressure U.S. government officials, seeking endorsement of a plan to use U.S. grant funding to provide $1.2 million annually for Marshall Islanders with approved but not paid personal injury awards.  He called this proposal an interim measure until a satisfactory compensation program can be put into place.

Almost half of the 2,000 islanders who have been awarded nuclear test compensation from the Tribunal have died before receiving their full award.

Mr. Danz calls the U.S. provided compensation funding “manifestly inadequate.”  The inability to provide 100 percent of its compensation awards “provides the best indication of (the) inadequacy (of nuclear test compensation from the U.S.) and the closure of the Tribunal would cripple the efforts of the Marshall Islands to obtain additional funding under (the Compact’s nuclear compensation) provision.”

For more information, please see:

Radio New Zealand International – For third year no compensation for Marshall Islands nuclear test victims – 08 December 2008

Pacific Magazine – No Compensation for N-Test Victims in 2008 – 07 December 2008

BBC News – Timeline: Marshall Islands

HRW: Police Violence Increases in Turkey

By Laura Zuber
Impunity Watch Senior Desk Officer, Middle East

ISTANBUL, Turkey – On December 5, Human Rights Watch (HRW) released a report titled, “Closing Ranks Against Accountability,” documenting 28 cases of police violence since early 2007.  The 80 page report cites two main sources of this increase in police brutality.  First, changes in Turkish laws, which gave police excessively broad discretion to use lethal force and encourage arbitrary stops and searches by police. The second cause is a “culture of impunity,” characterized by the failure of the government to investigate and punish abuses.

The cases documented in the report involve fatal and non-fatal shootings by the police; ill-treatment and excessive use of force by police against demonstrators; and ill-treatment during or following identity checks.  For example, Feyzullah Ete, 26, a factory worker with two children, died after being kicked in the chest by a plain-clothed officer who had demanded to see his ID in a children’s play area.  Additionally, a video clip of police officers beating a 15 year old M.K during Kurdish New Year’s celebrations in Van in March 2008 is posted on the HRW’s website.

In the report, HRW stated that the number of complaints filed against the police for excessive force increased over the past year.  In 2006, there were a total of 2,854 complaints, while in 2007, 3,339 complaints were fled.  In addition to the increase of complaint filed, there is a decrease in the number of convictions.  In 2006, 48 police officers were convicted after investigations, while in 2007, only 21 were.

When launching the report in Istanbul, HRW’s executive director, Kenneth Roth, stated that the increase in violent incidences are partly attributable to three changes in Turkish law.  First, a law which permits the police to use lethal force before it becomes necessary to prevent a threat to life.  Second, allowing officers to conduct identity checks without reasonable grounds for suspicion.  And lastly, anti-terrorism legislation which permits denying suspects access to a lawyer for 24 hours.

In addition to the legal sources, Roth stated, “”A culture of impunity prevails and we fear that culture lies behind this increase in police violence.”  The report stated that investigations following complaints were often tainted by the police, who attempt to conceal, contaminate, and plant evidence.  In addition, prosecutions are slow, lasting months or years, often with no result.  Even when the prosecution ends in conviction, they rarely lead to prison sentences.

While changes in anti-terrorism laws have increased protection to suspects in police stations, there has been an increase in the number of incidents of police abuse or excessive force occurring outside the formal places of detention.  Also, the report found that police are ready to use firearms against unarmed civilian demonstrators; sometimes killing them.

In order to combat the increasing occurrence of police violence, Roth states that the government must replace its “culture of impunity,” with a culture of accountability.  The report concluded by suggesting several recommendations to Turkish authorities.  They include: establishing an independent commission to investigate complaints of police violence; requiring the police to report when they use stop-and-search authority and requiring that those stopped are given a form with the police officers’ names and reason for the stop; clarification on when lethal force may be used; and action to ensure that officers to commit abuses are punished.

For more information, please see:

Guardian – Police Violence Soaring, Says Report on Turkey – 6 December 2008

Human Rights Watch – Turkey: Rising Police Violence Goes Unpunished – 5 December 2008

Human Rights Watch – Closing Ranks Against Accountability – 5 December 2008

Hurriyet – Cop Violence Up Due to the Culture of Impunity – 5 December 2008

Voice of America – Report Alleges Human Rights Violations by Police in Turkey – 5 December 2006