by Shelby Vcelka

Impunity Watch Desk Reporter, Europe

BERLIN, Germany–

A portion of the former Nazi concentration camp Dachau in southern Germany is now being used as housing for refugees seeking asylum in Germany. The reconfigured apartment building, located on the camp’s herb garden, houses around 50 formerly homeless people, most of which are refugees from the Middle East. Although the building is not located on the main camp location, the watchtowers and barbed wires are clearly visible from inside the apartments.

In Dachau, as in many other small German towns, the recent influx of refugees has placed an enormous strain on resources. Improvised temporary housing, such as beer tents, military barracks or exhibition centers, are common, but long term housing for those who have been granted asylum or are waiting on processing has proved much more difficult. Housing the refugees in Dachau’s herb garden has been one of many controversial measures to provide more permanent housing.

Earlier in 2015, the German towns of Schwerte and Augsburg also considered housing refugees in the external sites of former concentration camps, but were forced to cancel those plans due to public outrage.

Gabriele Hammermann, director of the Dachau concentration camp memorial site, does not believe that the camp should be used to house refugees. “For me, it’s not very welcoming to house refugees in a place that symbolizes torture and death…Fundamentally, we think that other places are more appropriate in order to house people, especially since integration is a major goal. So I think it makes more sense to house people in the centers of towns, not on the outskirts. But at the moment it is a very tense housing situation,” she said. However, Hammermann is willing to compromise and keep most of the current housing available for that purpose, as long as the rest of the space is used for exhibitions and seminars. Conversely, the mayor of the town of Dachau, Florian Hartmann, said it was the duty of the town to find long-term housing for the homeless in a time when affordable housing is scarce. In an email, he writes, “[The current tenants are] the more vulnerable members of our society. In that way, the buildings with their historical burden can be used for a socially meaningful purpose.”

The Nazis opened Dachau in March 1933 to house political prisoners, a few weeks after Adolf Hitler had risen to power as Chancellor. Other camps used Dachau as a model for their operations and setup, until many of those were converted into extermination camps. It was the longest running camp, as it was operational from March 1933, until April 1945, when Allied troops liberated the site.

For more information, please see–

The Washington Post– Germany is housing refugees within Holocaust-era concentration camps— 30 January 2015

The Guardian– The refugees housed at Dachau: ‘Where else should I live?— 19 September 2015

Business Insider– A part of this former Nazi concentration camp is now a homeless shelter— 22 September 2015

International Business Times– Migrant crisis: Dachau concentration camp being used to house refugees— 23 September 2015

by Shelby Vcelka

Impunity Watch Desk Reporter, Europe

ZAGREB, Croatia–

Thursday, Croatia closed 7 of its 8 borders to Serbia after more than 10,000 refugees attempted to cross over the weekend. The country has been overwhelmed by the arrival of refugees, failing to provide adequate transportation to migrants hoping to cross into Slovenia. Initially, Prime Minister Zoran Milanović said that the country was willing and able to help refugees reach northern Europe by providing safe passage. However, it quickly became clear to the Croatian government that they had underestimated the challenge they agreed to take on.

The shift of the flow of refugees through the Balkans has changed the dynamic of the refugee crisis in Europe, as it threatens to reopen old wounds and international mistrust. The migrants are traveling through the countries that once made up the country of Yugoslavia, which still harbors racial tensions in the region. These smaller countries, such as Croatia and Serbia, have small economies and weak welfare states, meaning they are more susceptible to reopening tensions. Those additional factors are making it more difficult for the Balkan region to respond to a crisis that wealthier countries have struggled to tackle.

The Balkan nations were initially very welcoming to the refugees, as they had received aid when the Yugoslav wars were occurring. However, these countries have struggled with building and maintaining a strong economy, leaving a majority of their populations in poverty. The governments of Croatia and other Balkans nations, upon realizing how many refugees wished to travel through, became reluctant to have an open border policy. “Countries across the region are poor, their institutions are not yet developed, and most states can barely deal with the daily problems of government, never mind a migration crisis,” said Sead Numanovic, from Avaz, a reputable Bosnian newspaper.

The situation in the Balkans is already so tense, Germany has had to declare Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia and Albania “safe nations” so refugees from those countries can be automatically denied. In addition to the hundreds of thousands of refugees coming from Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, and Iraq, many others are arriving in Germany from Serbia, Albania and Kosovo.

For more information, please see–

BBC–Migrant crisis: Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia— 18 September 2015

Budapest Business Journal–Hungary extends state of emergency as Croatia shuts borders— 18 September 2015

The Guardian–More than 2,000 refugees stranded at Croatian border town— 18 September 2015

New York Times–17,000 Migrants Stranded in Croatia by Border Crackdown— 18 September 2015

TIME–Croatia Closes Its Border Crossings With Serbia as Thousands of Refugees Enter the Country— 18 September 2015

by Shelby Vcelka

Impunity Watch Desk Reporter, Europe

ATHENS, Greece–

Greek voters returned former Prime Minister Alexi Tsipras, leader of the left-wing Syriza party, to the head of the Greek government after a strong win by the party on Sunday morning. The leader of the conservative New Democratic Party conceded defeat, congratulating Tsipras on the win. Early exiting polls showed that while the Syriza party did not win outright, a coalition government with the Independent Greeks party would create a slim majority.

However, any elation felt over the win has been eclipsed by the harsh reality of the Greek economic crisis. Opinion polls before Sunday’s election showed that millions of Greek voters were unsure who to vote for, due to the country’s economic collapse. Although Tsipras won on an anti-austerity ticket during the elections in January, he was forced to accept economic reforms in exchange for a 96 billion euro bailout from international creditors. Despite 61% of Greek citizens voting no to bailouts in July, Tsipras agreed to the bailouts to keep Greece in the Eurozone. The austerity measures that came with the new terms were seen as harsher than previous measures, and included new taxes, privatizations, and spending cuts.

Whatever coalition forms the new government, it is sure to become a headache for Tsipras, as many of the Syrzia party are angry about the bailouts. “This is a fragile party, although one third of the members broke off there are still radical elements left who can create problems for Tsipras,” said Marco Vicenzino, a Greece expert at the Global Strategy Project, an international risk consultancy. More than two dozen of the Syrzia party has broken off in defiance of the austerity measures, claiming that Tsipras has abandoned his principles.

The new Greek government will have only a couple of weeks to pass the legislation necessary to confirm to international creditors that Greek is serious about continuing with the bailouts. This government will also have to deal with the growing influx of migrants. Greece has been used as a main route into the European Union, with tens of thousands arriving by sea. Although many of these migrants leave quickly, the flow is becoming increasingly overwhelming to the already unsteady Greek government.

For more information, please see–

Al- Jazeera–Left-wing Syriza party wins Greek snap polls— 20 September 2015

BBC–Greece election: Conservative New Democracy admits defeat— 20 September 2015

Reuters–Greek voters return Tsipras to power with strong win— 20 September 2015

The Telegraph-Alexis Tsipras emerges as clear winner in shock election result— 20 September 2015

by Shelby Vcelka

Impunity Watch Desk Reporter, Europe

BUDAPEST, Hungary–

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban warned last Friday that the police would take tougher action against migrants beginning next week. He alleges that the migrants entering the country rebelled against authorities by capturing railway stations, and refusing to be registered as refugees by the UN.

Hungary is being used as a transitory state, as migrants are traveling through to reach wealthier countries such as Germany and Sweden. In response, the legislature has passed emergency measures to help restrict the number of migrants coming through Hungary, effective September 15^th. Orban has said that from September 15^th on, migrants who cross the border illegally will be arrested, and that authorities cannot be forgiving of illegal border crossing. Hungarian prisoners and soldiers are also working on building a fence along the Hungarian-Serbian border to stem the flow of migrants into the country, and discourage illegal migration.

Over 170,000 migrants have crossed over into Hungary this year, with thousands more expected to make the journey. Most of these migrants attempt to avoid being registered in Hungary, afraid that they will be stranded or returned to Hungary once making the journey to a different country. The refugee camps that have popped up all over the country are woefully inadequate, with soldiers tossing food to crowds of migrants. Human Rights Watch, an international human rights watchdog group, have condemned the status of these camps, as they do not provide migrants with the basic requirements of food, water and shelter.

Overwhelmed with the number of migrants that have crossed the border, Hungary is also going to guard the southern border with the army. “Considering that we are facing a rebellion by illegal migrants, police have done their job in a remarkable way, without using force,” Orban said after meeting with Manfred Weber, the chairman of the conservative European People’s Party in the European Union.

Already, backlash against the new, restrictive laws is mounting against the Hungarian Parliament. A major concern for Hungarians is where the migrants will go once they have been arrested for illegal migration, and how much it will cost taxpayers to imprison them. Additionally, Hungarians fear that they will not be able to stem the flow of refugees into the country, even with the fence and new measures. The practical realities of the law, many Hungarians believe, will do nothing but make the situation worse.

For more information, please see–

BBC–Europe migrant crisis: Hungary ‘will arrest illegal migrants’— 11 September 2015

BBC–Migrant crisis: How will UK towns deal with refugees?— 11 September 2015

CBS–Hungary cracking down on migrants crossing border— 11 September 2015

PBS–Hungary enacts tougher laws on illegal immigrants— 11 September 2015

Reuters– Orban: Hungary will arrest ‘rebellious’ migrants— 11 September 2015

by Shelby Vcelka

Impunity Watch Desk Reporter, Europe

BERLIN, Germany–

Interior Minister, Thomas de Maiziere, announced that Germany would impose temporary border controls on its border with Austria to deal with the massive influx of migrants. While affirming that Germany had the capacity to welcome a significant number of refugees, de Maiziere called on other European Union nations to do more, and reiterated that migrants cannot choose their host country.

Up until now, Germany has had an open policy regarding migration. However, the massive numbers of refugees, who have mainly been turned away from other countries, coming into Germany, has caused an overflow. “The aim of these measures is to limit the current inflows to Germany and to return to orderly procedures when people enter the country,” de Maiziere said at a news conference. Although this goes against the idea of the Schengen zone, which allows for free movement between several different European nations, the agreement permits individual countries to suspend the free movement on a temporary basis.

Germany has also announced that these measures are only temporary, and will only turn away migrants not fleeing war or persecution in their home country. Additional measures include shutting down borders to admit those with passports, and sending police and the army to patrol the borders. The emergency measures are a clear demonstration of how extensive the migrant crisis is, and how Germany has been stretched thin in the past couple of days.

In the meantime, trains between Germany and Austria have been suspended. They are set to resume Monday afternoon. This past Saturday alone, more than 13,000 migrants arrived in Munich, with a total of 800,000 migrants expected to arrive in total. Munich has borne the brunt of the arrivals, as it is the southernmost major city in Germany, closest to the border Austria.

The move to temporarily close the borders also serves as a threat to other European nations. de Maiziere mentioned in his statement that Germany would “first” close its borders with Austria, with the insinuation that borders with other countries would be soon to follow. The implication may be that other European Union countries will have to act to help ease the burden off of Germany.

For many migrants, the move means Germany is no longer pursuing a laissez-faire policy, and that the Dublin Rule of migration is still enforceable. With this, migrants will be forced to register with the first country they arrive in, and any others outside the strict migration quota will be turned away.

For more information, please see–

BBC–Migrant crisis: Germany to start temporary border controls— 13 September 2015

The Telegraph–Border controls return to Europe as continent struggles with refugee crisis— 13 September 2015

Time–Germany Imposes Emergency Border Controls as Migrants Continue to Arrive— 13 September 2015

USA Today–Germany imposes emergency border controls— 13 September 2015

Wall Street Journal–Germany Imposes Border Checks Amid Migrant Wave— 13 September 2015