By Hojin Choi

Impunity Watch Reporter

MANILA, Philippines – If people have a legal right to be together, they should be allowed to be legally separated. However, there is one country left in the world that has not yet granted a lawful right of divorce. In Philippines, legalization of divorce is still a controversial issue, and a recently filed bill ignited the nation’s dispute once more.

Divorce is not a new concept in Philippines, but the procedure for obtaining one is too restrictive for average individuals to proceed with. Filipino Congresswoman Luzviminda Ilagan is the representative of the Gabriella Women’s Party and a co-author of the divorce bill. The proposed bill “would be the empowerment of women, particularly the poor,” she said. The purpose of the bill is to promote efficiency within the divorce process by making it quicker and cheaper. It is expected to reduce 30-40% of the current costs of legal separation or annulment.

In Philippines, 28% of its total population is classified as “extremely poor.” These people live off less than $1.25 a day. About 40% of the population survives on a meager $2 each day. Therefore, as people need at least $4,000 to end their marriage legally, most people of low-income have no means to get divorced.

Paolo Yap, a graphic designer in Manila, told the Washington Post that he needed $6,700 to hire a lawyer for counseling in his divorce issues, and he eventually dismissed the lawyer because there would be additional costs, at least twice as much. “You know, it’s only about [$2,000 – $3,000] to hire a hit man to kill your spouse” in Philippines, he added as a joke.

Another barrier to the divorce process is the nation’s religious background. Divorce had been legal in Philippines until the enactment of the 1949 Civil Code. Professor Solita Monsod, from the University of the Philippines, explained that the legal prohibition was based on religious grounds. “It is because of a very powerful and conservative church hierarchy, and the dominance of very conservative segments of the Catholic laity,” he said.

The Catholic Church in Philippines officially denounced the bill. “We are opposed to legislation which would enable the state to break the marriage bond so that the couple can each remarry,” said Bishop Teodoro C. Bacani Jr. He also expressed a unique view toward domestic abuse cases. When there is a violent husband who abuses his wife and when divorce is legally allowed, then the man “is free to marry another woman and continue the abuse.” He argued that people could choose to be separated instead of getting a legal divorce.

The law of Philippines is more generous to people who observe other religions in terms of divorce. For example, the law allows legal divorce to Muslims, who constitute 11% of the population.

A number of news media outlets pointed out problems relating to Filipino workers abroad. The Philippines government encourages people to work overseas and forces them to live apart from their family. 70% of those workers are female. Therefore, the women in Philippines, especially who have low or no income, are more vulnerable in the current legal system.

Even though the bill has support in the Congress, it also faces strong opposition. Congressman Elpidio Barzaga Jr. insisted that a strong family makes a strong society, and the strong society will lead to a strong nation.

“We can have this only if there are laws that solidify and strengthen it,” Barzaga announced in opposition to the bill. He also added that “marriage is not merely a personal contract between husband and wife, it is a social institution which public policy cherishes and protects.”

For more information please see:

The Washington Post – World’s last legal ban on divorce doesn’t keep Philippines couples together – 10 October 2014

CNN – The fight to make divorce legal in the Philippines – 6 October 2014

By Hojin Choi

Impunity Watch Reporter, Asia

PYONGYANG, North Korea – The North Korean leader, Kim Jong-un, appeared in public view having an “on-site guidance trip” according to a North Korea’s state-run media, the Korean Central News Agency. In photos, Mr. Kim was walking with a cane, which gives credence to the theory that he had been suffering from leg pains and had surgery recently.

Mr. Kim, known to be 30, had been absent from the public since September 3, and there had been much speculation about his status. First, he was thought to have health problems as a few foreign doctors had been witnessed entering North Korea. Moreover, Mr. Kim was seen limping in early July on North Korean television. A few months later, a state-run television mentioned his health status, noting that he “was not feeling well.” According to statements of the former personal doctor of Mr. Kim’s grandfather, he inherited a number of health problems from his ancestors, such as psychological problems and obesity.

Another rumor indicated he lost power over the North Korean Communist Party and the military hierarchy. During 2014 Incheon Asian Game, which was recently held in South Korea, three core members of the North’s politics and military surprisingly visited the South together. They are ranked in the governmental hierarchy as numbers 2 to 4, and it was the first time after the Korean War that these high-ranking officials visited the South at the same time.

According to the news agency, Mr. Kim took a trip to the new residential complex and “inspected” it. He also visited the Natural Energy Institute of the State Academy of Sciences. Reportedly, Vice Marshal Hwang Pyong-so, the 2^nd ranking official in the North, accompanied Mr. Kim during the trip. Mr. Kim’s wife and sister were also walking closely with him.

The Washington Post analyzed Mr. Kim as comparatively “more open” than his grandfather and father, the preceding leaders of North Korea. John Delury, an expert on North Korea at Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea, said that “there is a pattern here of being more forthcoming, a little less cryptic.” There had been rumors whether Mr. Kim had successfully taken over the power from his father because he was too young and inexperienced, but “by appearing in public, Kim wanted to show the world he still rules the state,” said Koh Yoo-hwan, a professor of North Korean studies at Dongguk University in Seoul.

Nothing has been clearly proven about the political stability of the new regime, but it remains the world’s most isolated and authoritative country under the young leader.

For more information please see:

The New York Times – North Korea’s Kim Jong-un Reappears in Public, North’s Media Reports – 13 October 2014

NBC News – North Korea’s Kim Jong Un Ends Long Public Absence – 14 October 2014

The Washington Post – As Kim Jong Un returns, North Korea becomes slightly more open – 14 October 2014

CNN – North Korea says leader has reappeared – 14 October 2014

Bloomberg – North Korea Shows Kim With Cane in 1st Sighting in Weeks – 13 October 2014