North America & Oceania

Racial Tension Rising in Trayvon Martin Shooting; Questions About “Stand Your Ground” Law

By Brittney Hodnik
Impunity Watch Reporter, North America

WASHINGTON, United States – By now, most of the country has heard of the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed, teenage black male.  The shooter, George Zimmerman is the community watch captain in the neighborhood.  Students have staged walkouts, the President has expressed his opinions, and thousands across the country are outraged about the lack of an arrest.

Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman. (Image courtesy of ABC News)

Zimmerman claims he was acting under Florida’s “stand your ground” law, in an act of self-defense.  As mentioned above, Martin was unarmed however, causing many to question whether deadly force was even necessary.  Furthermore, Zimmerman trailed Martin, following him on his walk home from a convenient store.

Under the law, a person may use deadly force anywhere they have a right to be if they have reasonable fear an assailant could seriously harm them or someone else, according to CNN.  Also, it eliminates the “duty to retreat” and allows people to “meet force with force.”

Former Florida governor, Jeb Bush signed the bill into law in 2005, according to The LA Times.  Although he was (and presumably still is) in favor of the law, he thinks it is being abused.  As reported by The LA Times, Bush said, “Stand your ground means stand your ground.  It doesn’t mean chase after somebody who’s turned their back.”

The problem with the law as written does not require a person to prevent a possible altercation, nor does it address whether one can pursue someone who has been perceived as a threat, according to The LA Times.  For example, a Florida judge ruled that a man who chased a burglar more than a block and a half and stabbed him to death, was acting within his rights under the “stand your ground” law.

The police have not arrested Zimmerman; there is no evidence to refute the claim that he acted in self-defense.  Now, however, the FBI and the Justice Department are investigating Zimmerman for possible civil rights violations, according to ABC News.

Zimmerman is white-Hispanic and Martin was black.  Zimmerman’s lawyer, Craig Sonner believes that Zimmerman’s life is in danger and has encouraged him to keep a low profile, reports CNN.  He said, “This case is spinning out of control…I hope there’s a way to rein things in so it doesn’t become an issue of a racial battle.”

Many believe that it already is a race battle and are insistent upon an arrest.

The New Black Panther Party (different from the more widely known Black Panther Party formed in the 1960s) has resorted to a reward.  The group put a $10,000 bounty for his capture.  According to CNN, the group is a “virulently racist and anti-Semitic organization.”  The City of Sanford responded to the bounty by demanding no vigilante justice.

Walkouts across the country including New York, Virginia, Georgia, California, and Trayvon’s old high school have become prevalent.  There is also a movement associated with the hoodie that Trayvon Martin was wearing when he was killed.  Miami Heat basketball players made a statement wearing the hoodies, and there are plans for a “Million Hoodie March” in Rochester, New York, reports CNN.

The Sunshine Slate reports that even though two major figures have stepped down in connection with the shooting, it does nothing to ease the rising racial tensions.  There is widespread and continued distrust of the Florida police by the black community.  The Sunshine Slate reports that historically, Sanford has already dealt with documented racial tensions.

The “stand your ground” law will be carefully looked at and possibly amended after this tragedy.  Sonner is questioning whether to argue that the law even applies to his client, or whether it was merely self-defense, which has always been an acceptable avenue to take.

For more information, please visit:

ABC News — Trayvon Martin Shooter ‘Could Not Stop Crying’ After Shooting — 25 Mar. 2012

CNN – Lawyer: Federal Hate Crime Charge Against Trayvon Shooter a “Challenge” — 25 Mar. 2012

The Los Angeles Times — “Stand Your Ground” Law Criticized After Trayvon Martin Shooting — 25 Mar. 2012

The Sunshine Slate — Trayvon Martin: State Attorney Steps Aside, Chief Steps Down — 24 Mar. 2012

Cuban Prisoners Faced with Inhumane Conditions; No Investigations Permitted

By Brittney Hodnik
Impunity Watch Reporter, North America

HAVANA, Cuba – A recent report and unverified video came out this last week showing the horrible conditions of Cuban prisons.  The environment in many of the 200 prisons throughout Cuba is inhumane and not fit for anyone.  The beds, toilets, food, and treatment of the prisoners are all inappropriate and appalling.

The Miami Herald reports that Cuba has between 70,000 and 80,000 inmates in about 200 prisons and labor camps on the island.  There are 11.2 million peoples in the country, making this a very high incarceration rate – 625 persons per 100,000.  Just for reference, the United States leads the way with 743 persons per 100,000 who are incarcerated.

Jose Miguel Vivanco, director of the Americas program at Human Rights Watch, said that prisoners told him back in 1995 that conditions were “absolutely awful, terrible, inhuman,” according to The Miami Herald.

Douglas Moore is an American convicted of a drug offense serving time in a Cuban prison, according to CNN.  In the hidden camera video released last week to publicize the terrible conditions, many of the inmates spoke about the atrocities.

Moore says in the video, “I cannot count all the times that I have been chained by my hands and legs and beaten mercilessly, then robbed of my meager possessions by the [guards] here at Combinado del Este,” reports CNN.  Complaints from other prisoners include meager rations of food, dilapidated cells, moldy walls, overcrowding, limited exercise hours, and persistent sewage leaks.

The major problem, reports CNN, is that the International Committee of the Red Cross and other human rights groups are unable to investigate conditions at the Combinado del Este.  A state released video in 2004 showed Cuban prisoners learning computer skills and exercising on a lawn.

According to an article by NBC Miami, Albert Mueller explains some of his time behind bars and the terrible things he went through.  He said that the prison was unsanitary, deteriorating, and unstable and that was over 40 years ago.  He recalls his first day in prison: “I [had] to suffer a simulation of a firing squad…It was a very bad experience.”

The narrator of the video wants it to be shared, and wants a change in the prisons in Cuba.  The Global Post reports the narrator says, “Show this video to the international community, how this miserable dictatorship commits cruelties against humanity.”  Hopefully the publicity will help the prisoners facing intolerable conditions there.

For more information, please visit:

Global Post — Cuban Prison Videos Filmed by Inmates Expose Living Conditions — 18 Mar. 2012

CNN – Cuban Prisoners Said to Make Videos Exposing Prison Conditions — 17 Mar. 2012

Miami Herald — Many Have Complained About Cuban Prisons, but No Independent Inspections Have Been Allowed — 16 Mar. 2012

NBC Miami — Ex-Cuban Prisoner Remembers his 15 Years Behind Bars — 15 Mar. 2012

Homeless Women in Canada Resorting to ‘Survival Sex’

By Brittney Hodnik
Impunity Watch Reporter, North America

OTTAWA, Canada – According to a report released by the YWCA, women in Canada are facing an increased risk of homelessness due to many factors.  Teenage girls are quickly becoming the largest demographic for the face of homelessness.  Without the government’s help, the problem will only worsen.

Women are now a very significant part of the homeless population in Canada. (Image courtesy of The Montreal Gazette / Reuters)

 

According to The Montreal Gazette, homeless women are now resorting to “survival sex” just to find a place to sleep at night.  This is a form of prostitution and ‘hidden homelessness’ where women trade sexual favors for a place to spend the night.  Additionally, some women spend the night at houses of friends and family members, but often those people exploit and abuse them, reports The Montreal Gazette.

Teenage girls make up one-third to half of homeless youths in urban areas, according to The Wall Street Journal.  While many women flee to escape abuse, they find it waiting for them in the street, forcing them into a long cycle of homelessness.  According to Ann Decter, Director of Advocacy at YWCA Canada, “as many as 60% of homeless girls have been sexually abused,” reports The Wall Street Journal.

The YWCA’s report shows that homelessness is on the rise with women for many reasons.  Donna Brooks, the executive director at Prince Albert’s YWCA said many women become homeless because of the lack of affordable housing, domestic abuse, addictions, or mental health issues, according to News Talk 650.

Although the government programs give some money to women to support themselves, reports The Montreal Gazette, it is not nearly enough to cover rent and other necessities.  Women are forced back to the streets because they cannot afford everything they need.

Another problem is the lack of beds in shelters across Canada.  The YWCA’s report says more beds, and more women only shelters would help alleviate the problem a little bit.  Eric Desjardins, a front-line worker at Ottawa shelters said that not only do shelters need more beds, but also they need more people to work with the homeless women and get them on the right track, according to The Montreal Gazette.

Desjardins said, “There is need for more beds but therapies and programs should take priority.  There is a need for more caseworkers.  They are the ones who refer people to appropriate services and programs,” as reported by The Montreal Gazette.

The YWCA Canada is the country’s oldest and largest women’s multi-service organization, according to The Wall Street Journal.  Although it reaches out to nearly 1 million women, girls, and families in Canada, there is still a shortage of beds and workers across the country.

For more information, please visit:

The French Tribune – Homeless Women Forced to Have ‘Survival Sex’ — 14 Mar. 2012

CKOM News Talk 650 — Women Face Increased Risk of Homelessness — 13 Mar. 2012

The Montreal Gazette — Lack of Shelter Spaces Forces Women to Resort to ‘Survival Sex’: Report — 13 Mar. 2012

The Wall Street Journal — Homelessness Now a “Women’s Issue,” Says YWCA Canada — 13 Mar. 2012

Guatemala Sentences Former Soldier to 6,060 Years in Prison

By Brittney Hodnik
Impunity Watch Reporter, North America

GUATEMALA CITY, Guatemala – As previously reported, Guatemala began trying former dictator General Efrain Rios Montt for genocide and other crimes against humanity.  Other high-ranking soldiers and officials are now facing the same fate.  The 17-month period between 1982 and 1983 claimed the lives of nearly 250,000 people.  Now, nearly 30 years later, the people responsible for these killings are being brought to justice.

Pedro Pimentel Rios at his trial on Monday. (Image courtesy of The Guardian)

According to The Associated Press, Pedro Pimentel Rios is the fifth former special forces soldier to be sentenced for his participation in the “Dos Erres” massacre in 1982.  Rios was sentenced to 6,060 years in prison – 30 years for each of the 201 people slaughtered in the massacre, plus 30 years for crimes against humanity.  All five of the former soldiers were sentenced to 6,060 years or more.

Rios is a 54 year old former instructor at a Guatemalan training school for elite military forces.  He moved from Guatemala to Santa Ana, California where he worked in a sweater factory until finally being detained by immigration authorities in May 2010, according to The Associated Press.  The United States extradited him to Guatemala the following year.

According to CNN, Judge Irma Valdez said Monday that the evidence presented by the prosecution along with testimonies from witnesses proved Pimentel was involved in the killings.

Maria Tulia Lopez Perez is just one of the many survivors of the three-decade long civil war.  She still suffers back pain from the torture she endured in 1985, according to BBC News.  She currently works with other survivors who come to her suffering from depression, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress; she helps them remember that they are not alone, reports BBC News.

The ruling is highly symbolic, according to The Guardian, because under Guatemalan law, criminals may only serve 50 years.  This ruling comes as Guatemala seeks to clean up atrocities from the civil war.

As for Efrain Rios Montt, his defense lawyers say that he did not control battlefield operations while he was dictator, according to The Guardian.  He faces charges of genocide and he is accused of ordering the killings of at least 1,700 innocent Mayan people during his reign.

Overall, more than 200,000 people were killed or “disappeared” during the 36-year civil war, where there were 669 documented massacres, as reported by CNN.  Other officials will likely face the same consequences as Rios, receiving more than 6,000 years in prison, as Guatemala tries to bring some closure and justice to the victims of the civil war.

For more information, please visit:

Associated Press — Guatemalan gets 6,060-Year Sentence in Massacre — 13 Mar. 2012

BBC News — Healing Guatemala’s Emotional Scars from the Civil War — 13 Mar. 2012

CNN — 6,060 Years in Prison for Former Guatemalan Soldier — 13 Mar. 2012

The Guardian — Guatemalan Ex-Soldier Jailed for 6,060 Years Over Dos Erres Massacre — 13 Mar. 2012

Jamaican Police Too Eager to Use Lethal Force

By Brittney Hodnik
Impunity Watch Reporter, North America

KINGSTON, Jamaica – Amnesty International and other human rights groups are questioning the police tactics in use in Jamaica.  Many accuse the Jamaican police of being “trigger happy,” and resorting to unnecessary use of guns.

Police forces not hesitant to engage in gun battles with local criminals. (Image courtesy of Amnesty International)

According to Amnesty International, police have killed forty-five people so far in 2012.  Twenty-one of those killings occurred in a six-day period.  Over the ten-year period between 2000 and 2010, Jamaica reported more than 2,220 fatal shootings by police and only two officers have been convicted over that span.

Most recently, on 5 March, there was a fatal shootout between the police and other gunmen.  According to The Associated Press, six people were killed including a 13-year-old girl named Nicketa and two elderly men who were caught in the crossfire.  Residents of the community blame officers for the killings.

Since the incident, the area has been under curfew and patrolled by security personnel armed with M16s and other machine guns, reports The Associated Press.  Nicketa’s mother and aunts showed reporters bullet holes evidencing the officer’s carelessness in shooting.  The gun battle lasted approximately forty minutes.

Police Commissioner Owen Ellington tried to ease the tension by speaking out and trying to put the officers’ actions in context.  According to Go-Jamaica, he explained, that between 2007 and 2012, criminals using illegal firearms murdered 5,829 people.  Additionally, in that same period, 62 police personnel were killed on duty and another 127 were shot and injured.

The news report indicated that he stands behind the officers and he maintains that the officers only shoot in self-defense.  According to Go-Jamaica, Commissioner Ellington said that he recently reminded cops of the guidelines for using lethal force and non-lethal force in confrontations with criminals.

On 9 March, the officers returned to the same community in search of illegal weapons and criminals.  About 50 persons were detained and many remain in custody.

Amnesty International said, “The problem is that police continue to enter marginalized inner-city communities as if everyone there was a criminal suspect.”  Many human rights groups want more accountability for the police.  “If human rights abuses such as police killings go unpunished, it will only open the door for more abuses to take place,” said Chiara Liguori, a Caribbean researcher at Amnesty International.

Overall, the Jamaican police are caught between using lethal force in self-defense and to prevent criminals from using illegal weapons, and being overzealous, intruding where they should not.  Liguori said, “[T]he Jamaican authorities must take decisive steps to fight impunity.”

For more information, please visit:

Associated Press — Jamaica Outraged by Police Killings — 9 Mar. 2012

Go-Jamaica — Denham Town Detainees Remain in Custody — 9 Mar. 2012

Go-Jamaica — Police Commissioner Speaks Out — 9 Mar. 2012

Amnesty International — Jamaica Must Tackle Shocking Wave of Police Killings — 8 Mar. 2012